不同物料堆肥富里酸的结构特征的研究

通过三维荧光平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和二维相关光谱（2DCOS）分析了富含木质纤维素类物料（果蔬废物和杂草废物）和富含木质素类物料（秸秆废物和园林修剪废物）堆肥形成的富里酸的结构和组成.结果显示，两类堆肥物料形成的富里酸结构差异显著.虽然两类物料的荧光组分含量及变化基本相似，但是特征官能团与其荧光组分的变化顺序却不同.富含木质纤维素类物料堆肥形成的富里酸中类酪氨酸和类色氨酸先于芳环形成，而富含木质素类物料堆肥形成的富里酸中芳环先于类酪氨酸和类色氨酸.并且，研究发现在堆肥高温期和腐熟期，富里酸的芳环含量在木质纤维类和木质类物料中分别增加了约10%和5%，脂肪族的含量分别下降了约10%和6%，说明堆肥过程中富里酸结构中脂肪族逐渐降解并伴随其芳香性逐渐增加；结构方程模型结果表明，类富里酸、脂肪族基团和羧基是富里酸中芳环形成的关键组分.本文研究结果可为明确堆肥过程中富里酸的形成提供理论基础.     

Accumulation of free and covalently bound microcystins in tissues of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda) following toxic cyanobacteria or dissolved microcystin-LR exposure

Accumulation of free microcystins (MCs) in freshwater gastropods has been demonstrated but accumulation of MCs covalently bound to tissues has never been considered so far. Here, we follow the accumulation of total (free and bound) MCs in Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to i) dissolved MC-LR (33 and 100 μg L⁻¹) and ii) Planktothrix agardhii suspensions producing 5 and 33 μg MC-LR equivalents L⁻¹ over a 5-week period, and after a 3-week depuration period. Snails exposed to dissolved MC-LR accumulated up to 0.26 μg total MCs g⁻¹ dry weight (DW), with no detection of bound MCs. Snails exposed to MCs producing P. agardhii accumulated up to 69.9 μg total MCs g⁻¹ DW, of which from 17.7 to 66.7% were bound. After depuration, up to 15.3 μg g⁻¹ DW of bound MCs were detected in snails previously exposed to toxic cyanobacteria, representing a potential source of MCs transfer through the food web.     

不同菌剂处理下猪粪和牛粪堆肥前期性质变化

以猪粪和牛粪为堆肥原料,设计了人工接种MixF-3菌剂堆肥、添加灭活菌剂堆肥和自然堆肥3个处理进行堆肥前期实验,探讨堆肥9d过程中温度、水分、有机碳、全氮和微生物量碳等参数的变化。结果表明,按1L/t接种MixF-3混合菌剂堆肥温度升温快,猪粪堆肥第48h和第84h时温度分别达到66℃和71.5℃,牛粪堆肥第48h时温度达69℃,明显高于灭活菌剂处理组和CK对照组。随着堆肥的进行,各处理组水分含量缓慢下降,牛粪比猪粪含水量略高。人工接种菌剂的猪粪和牛粪堆肥处理组中pH变化幅度小,有机碳碳含量的下降幅度比灭活组和自然堆肥组大,分别下降15.64%和11.25%,全氮含量缓慢升高但变化不大,人工接种牛粪比猪粪处理组中堆肥全氮含量升幅高;在猪粪和牛粪堆肥中人工接种菌剂微生物量碳降幅最小,分别为9537μg/g和3212μg/g,表明在猪粪和牛粪堆肥原料中添加MixF-3复合菌剂有利于微生物繁殖生长,同时拓宽了菌剂使用的单一性,更具有普遍性意义。     

玉米秸秆添加比例对污泥堆肥中Cu和Zn形态的影响

采用BCR连续提取法研究了玉米秸秆添加比例对污泥堆肥中Cu和Zn形态的影响.结果表明:重金属不同形态分配比例的变化能够准确反映重金属形态之间的转化规律;堆肥处理重金属总量不会变化,只是不稳定形态之间相互转化,Cu和Zn被大幅"浓缩",玉米秸秆比例越大,"浓缩效应"越明显;玉米秸秆比例增加有助于酸溶态Cu向可氧化态转化,...     

Nature of the action of a compost from olive mill wastewater on Cu sorption by soils

The reaction of two soils that have received composted OMW as manure with Cu solutions is studied. The data were fitted into a multi‐reaction model which considers both reversible and irreversible adsorption sites, and an ‘instantaneous’ fraction. The presence of composted OMW caused a strong increase in the distribution coefficient describing the instantaneous fraction, and the disappearance of the irreversible fraction. This behaviour was attributed to blocking of some sorbing surfaces by the organics, and to new surfaces present in the compost. These effects can have some environmental significance from the viewpoint of Cu mobility.     

建筑弃土与污泥堆肥混合配制营养土对园林植物的影响

使用建筑弃土与污泥堆肥配制营养土并应用于园林绿化。以凤仙花为研究对象,通过盆栽实验观察和对比分析了凤仙花从播种到开花整个生命过程的生长指标,并对其结果进行模糊评价。结果表明,凤仙花播种期和生长期各生长指标随着营养土中堆肥含量的增加而增加,并在堆肥施用量30%时达到最佳;营养土中的重金属对凤仙花的生长速度有抑制效应,主要集中在播种期和生长期初期,随着凤仙花的生长成熟,重金属的胁迫效应持续减少,并在成熟期显著降低,重金属对凤仙花地表部分的抑制更为明显;建筑弃土与污泥堆肥配制的营养土对园林植物营养效果良好,成熟期的凤仙花生物量大幅度增加,最大增幅550%;通过模糊评价并综合考虑配置方案,最佳堆肥施用量为30%。     

Removal of pesticides from rinsate by adsorption using agricultural residuals as medium

Abstract

The feasibility of using agricultural residual with highly organic matter content ‐ spent mushroom compost (SMC) as adsorption medium for removal of pesticides including carbaryl, carbofuran, and aldicarb with a concentration range of 0–30 mg/L from rinsate was investigated. Bottle‐point method was used to determine adsorption isotherms for single‐pesticide and multi‐pesticides. It was found that SMC might potentially be used for on‐farm treatment of pesticide rinsate. The adsorption capacity of SMC was increased compared to most soils, possibly related to the increased organic matter content. The rapid equilibrium of pesticide solution and SMC was consistent with a physical type of adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of carbamate pesticides on SMC was found to exhibit nonlinear “favorable”; adsorption behavior that could be characterized well by the Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the multi‐pesticide adsorption tests displayed the characteristics of competitive behavior. The competitive ability of these three pesticides in multi‐components adsorption was in the order carbaryl > carbofuran > aldicarb, which was consistent with the adsorbability of pesticides.     

不同性状城市污水污泥在草坪生产中的应用研究

将城市污水污泥的生污泥和腐熟污泥施用于土壤,对该土壤上生长的高羊茅的生物量、土壤的理化特性等进行测定,并将污泥肥效与鸡粪进行了对照.结果表明,腐熟污泥对高羊茅生长的抑制作用主要表现在地上部分,对于其地下部分的生长存在着促进作用,而生污泥对高羊茅生长的促进作用主要表现在地上部分,施用量较大时会对其地下部分的生长产生轻微的...     

巢湖富营养化遥感监测

以巢湖为研究区,通过对蓝藻水华暴发程度与其光谱反射率之间关系的研究,确定MOD IS遥感影像识别水华暴发级别的阈值,对4类不同暴发程度蓝藻水华光谱特征进行遥感识别;进而确立巢湖水体富营养化评价方法,建立巢湖富营养化遥感反演模型,为实时监控巢湖水质,预警蓝藻水华暴发提供技术支持。     

剩余污泥好氧堆肥生产有机复混肥的肥分及效益分析

城市污水处理厂剩余污泥含有大量有机质和氮、磷等营养元素，是农业生产宝贵的肥源。将污泥制成有机复混肥可以使作物增产，并改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力。